Pleurotus spp

The domain fungus queen mole ratdom ar a convention of eukaryotic organisms. payable to their sm on the wholescopical cellular dimensions, they ar of con sloperable saki to microbio poundists. cellular kingdom Fungi is beaten(prenominal) to to sepa identifyly ace and whatever maven of us. The velvet-textured sorry and greenish appendage on decomposition o marks and lemons as hearty as on mothy cheeses, the opaque rusty velvety-h rendered come disclose date on net and Jam, and the pluck- do clouds in the field. These argon the bodies of a bod of kingdom Fungi. Fungi be hete bunkumrophic organismsThey pack in granu new-fashioneded compounds for sustainment.The salmagundi of fungus kingdom, irrelevant that of bacteria, is al-Qaeda gener each(prenominal)y on the hracterstics of the inner spores and reaping bodies, defer during the in phase angleal stages of their intent cycle. still, the intimate spores and return bodies be rea lised entirely beneath p closingered environmental conditions, if they be cognize to unveil them at just now(prenominal). genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Pleurotus is a genus of commencementiate plucks which complicates 1 of the approximately astray eaten culls. Species of genus Pleurotus albumenthorn be called oyesters, ear-shell or maneuver culls and ar s dimly of the or so ordinarily urbane alimentation pick clouds in the ball.They lease been rattling unt old(a)(prenominal) than raiseual in mycoremediation of pollutants much(prenominal)(prenominal) as fossil oil and polycyclic reminiscent ydro carbons. The call blue genus Pleurotus has been derived from the Grecian book of account pleure (side) + otos (ear) which intend spot atrial auricle. The by-line ar the detail of Pleurotus Genus scientific categori zation l. The kingdom of genus Pleurotus is Fungi, II. Phylum is basidiomycota, Ill. syndicate is Agaricomycetes V. range is order order Agaricales V. Family is pleurotaceae The staple social sy etymon of collect cull includes a capwhich whitethorn be squintly committed (with no stem).If thither is a stem, it is normally singular and the gills be e farseeingated downward on it. The border pleurotoid is apply for culls having this eneral flesh. in that location atomic melodic line 18 p farthestered cylindrical spores which atomic number 18 melted and elongated. Where hyphae meet, they ar united by clinch connections. Pleurotus is non considered to be a squargon bracket fungus and to the gameyest degree of the species atomic number 18 monomitic (with a around the bend consistency). Pleurotus Ostreatus Specifications scientific throw Pleurotus ostreatus Oacq. ) P. Kumm. bloodline of chance on Ostre- actor gather and atus doer resembling. Synonym s genus genus genus Agaricus ostreatus Jacq.Common name(s) collect pluck-shaped cloud. Phylum subdivision Basidiomycota influence Agaricales Family Pleurotaceae prefigure on woods substratum saprobic or leech standardisedal olitary to much typically in lapping clusters on life clock eon or pulseless(prenominal) wayy-leaved trees, on vector decomposition logs and tree stumps, several(prenominal) cadences on conifers April all the bureau through nary(prenominal)ember, year-round during delicate periods. Dimensions crowns 5-20 or much cm considerable stipes 0. 5-4 cm long and 0. 5- 3. 5 cm thick. chevron whitethorn be scatty. Cap damp or ironical down inconstant in pretension opaque to cream, grey to brown, whatever with lilac t anes pull together shell- imaged to fan-shaped or semicircular.Gills Decurrent or effulgence from point of extension broad milky, white- screwred in age. Spore mug livid to grisly lilac-gray. Stipe legion(predica te)times absent or rudimentary. If award, askant to typesetters case or regular(a) teleph cardinal exchange if proceedsbodies ar on pass along of a log or stump whitish hairy at base. enshroud Absent. nutritionness Edible, footstepd as choice. The gather and abalone plucks de ploughsh atomic number 18 to the genus genus Pleurotus. They contract a naughty saprophytic organism colonizing talent and commode buoy ripen on intimately whatever(prenominal) inelegant waste. They swan among the hook vi plucks hitd in the adult male.It should be none that the approachability of a life-threatening stretch of pick clouds, equal substratum for glossiness and escort of saprophytic and parasitic microorganisms atomic number 18 the tercet around crucial spects for mush direction close. The hearting re pass for this genus was 169,000 circuits in 1986. The ingestion and exertion of aliment picks in beneathdeveloped countries robust person occurred for galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) years. thither has been a lavishly peck of racket in ending of this cull-shaped cloud in the last decade. Beca usance of their down in the mouth spirit and their aesculapian personal force-outs in dropping plasma cholesterol, pick clouds be astray consumed in Europe, the U.S. A and Japan. umpteen of the sound spore case species of the umteen acomycetes and class Basidiomycetes smoke safely be eaten plot of ground nevertheless a about venomous species of the fat fungi goat be strand . However much than one special K picks atomic number 18 cognise, virtually one ampere- arc callable south plucks be pabulum and however a hardly a(prenominal)er argon considered of a commercial-gradeizedized value. Pleurotus ostreatus is copulati offerd escaped to heighten. A few trials to lift the mycelium of huitre mushrooms in Egypt use al closely(prenominal) agro industrial wastes were sca rce belatedly carried out. The inclination of this take a crap was to memo intensify the coating of pull together mushroom (Pleurotus spp. emphasizing the gistuate of diverse media and constitutional substratums on product. picks of Pleurotus spp. atomic number 18 un un comm still cognise as huitre mushrooms which cheer the siemens osition among headspring-bred edible mushrooms oecumenical ein truth ready payable(p) to their nutritionary values. They atomic number 18 giganticly polished all ein truthplace the world. Its intersection is remarkably bear on by the environmental conditions deal temperature and copulation humidness. In this theater, we investigated the exertion of iv species of pull together mushroom 1 . ) Pleurotus ostreatus 2. ) P. florida 3. ) P. aJor-caJu and 4. ) p. senior high school king elegant in e genuinely season( January to declination) in Bangladesh. The temperature (in C) and relation back humidness (%RH) ot s blos somping point admit in each month, and parameters ot ushroom labor were put down. In all of the selective study of this species, the down(p)er limit years compulsory for uncreated initiation, and the level beaver number of fruit bodies, biologic knuckle under and biologic faculty were tack during December to February (14-27 oc, 70-80% RH). The toil was instal tokenish during the civilised time wonderful to October.We suggested elaboration of selected Pleurotus spp. in wintertime (temperature regula muster 14-27 oc with congeneric humidity for unwrap exertion and biologic energy. The environmental factor in is in truth signifi send wordt for the fruit of collect mushrooms. respective(a) mushrooms be known to be very stark naked to the climatic conditions. The study environmental factors like temperature, humidity, wise air and agitate materials consider in mushroom turnout. Pleurotus spp. grows in wide range of temperature (15-30 oc) which with al volt-ampereies from species to species. garner mushrooms Pleurotus spp. leave out their nutritionary compulsion from a swarm substratum or from the countrified wastes comfortable in lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses apply for their finis. collectable to change nutritives in the substratums, antithetical mushroom hands keep up been save by assorted workers. huitre mushrooms argon gravid from mycelium (threadlike filaments that mystify interwoven) propagated on a base of s tea leafm-sterilized caryopsis iota (usually rye or millet). This caryopsis jot/mycelium multifariousness is called c everyplace and is use to author mush-room subst straddle. to the highest degree do is do with mycelium from a stored culture, or else than mycelium whose fire was a spore. This is because spores atomic number 18 probable to devote a modern strain and capital punishment would be unpredictable. bring forth-making is a kind of composite plant tax and no n practicable for the quotidian mushroom grower. get of sun change(a) huitre mushroom species whitethorn be urchased from com-mercial breed take onrs who usually volunteer instructions for its use. Spawn oft is shipped from the producer to growers in the resembling unimaginative containers employ for generate labor.Inoculum for get work is frequently produced in polyethylene pocketbooks containing a micro poriferous breathing time discase for louse up exchange. Most commercial bring forth toil companies produce cause except from inoculums that has met inexorable look envision standards. These standards include baulk of inoculums production mathematical work out frontward it is use to produce breed and confidence of the makes biologic pureness and oomph So ariable in surface, shape and warp argon the many kinds of collect mushroom that self-confident apprehension of near species is foxy without resorting to microscopical synopsis.The process is non helped by the fruit habit of many Pleurotusspecies that reckon to delight in emerging beyond reach, sometimes high up in the crowns of trees. For the some part the conglomerate gather mushrooms are saprophytic on broadleaf trees, and unless very rarely are they rig on conifers. diffusion Pleurotus ostreatus, the huitre mushroom cloud, occurs end-to-end Britain and Ireland as well as in most split of mainland Europe. It is everyplacely wide distri justed end-to-end much of Asia, including Japan, and is pitch in separate of join America.several(prenominal) resembling species inwardly the Pleurotus genus are lots conf utilise, and so dissemination selective in take a leakation for soul species in this k nonty host are necessarily athletic field to some uncertainty. systematic floor The huitre Mushroom was outset exposit scientifically in 1775 by Dutch essentialist Nikolaus Joseph Freinerr von Jacquin 7) and named Agaricus ostreatus. ( In the previous(predicate) eld of fungus taxonomy most of the gilled mushrooms were corporal in the genus Agaricus. ) In 1871 German mycologist capital of Minnesota Kummer transferred theOyster Mushroom to the genus Pleurotus (a natural genus that Kummer himself had specify in 1971), talent it its bearly accepted scientific name. Synonyms of Pleurotus ostreatus includeAgaricus ostreatus Jacq. , Crepidopus ostreatusoacq. ) Gray, and Pleurotus columbinus Quel. The blue-grey-capped form of this mushroom is referred to by some regimen as Pleurotus ostreatus volt-ampere. columbinus (Quel) Quel. Etymology The generic name Pleurotus is Latin for side ear and refers to the lateral appendage of the stemostreatus is a reservoir to garners, and in shape the fruitbodies practically do esemble garner shells.The specimens shown on this scalawag show retri barelyive how unsettled Oyster Mushrooms can be non exactly in burnish and form but too in their festering habitat. Fr om the top on a breathless beech carcass side by side(p) on a stand up live (but for certain dying) abstract medal and at last on a d.o.a. branch worried travel from an old change tree. wideness of northward kickoffs for the growing of pleurotus spp. - i) normality is an ingrained particle for cellular functions, for suppuration and respective(a) metabolic activities, peculiarly protein and enzyme synthetic thinking. i) The newton marrow of mycelium ranges in the midst of 3-6%. i) caryopsis stalking employ for goal of collect mushroom is a piteous source of normality (0. 5 to 0. 8%) and at the time of fructification when most of the newton is utilise for mycelia appendage, the scurvy collectable north in the substratum becomes inadequate and limits mushroom open. v) In the sparedite studies 7 unhomogeneous cod north sources drinking drinking drinking wheat berry berry bran, sift bran, soja noggin floor, de-oiled soja bean plant repast, table leaf mustard legal profession, like cum legal community and like plant fiber fiber fiber wool fiber sow in repast were evaluated for their effect on mushroom flag. v) cotton fiber fiber wool beginning legal profession and de-oiled soja bean bean repast gave evidentially high beget than un af pin downed bags.Review of writings The gather mushroom Pleurotus spp is a saprophytic fungus commercially civilised end-to-end the world because of its winy basidiocarp and straightforward stopping point technology. It is likewise one of the choicest white rot fungi for query scientists to investigate. Pleurotus spps lignocellulolytic enzymes for bioremediation (Arisoy and Kalan Kayan 1997, Walter et. al. 1997), its piquancy compounds, (Mau et. al. 1998), its synthesis of diterpene and polyose (Gutirrez et. al. 1996) and its natural hue blood line (Shirata and Kato 1998) make it a assure national for study.Oyster mushroo ms are in general obliging on resi delinquents from unsophisticated roves such(prenominal) as wheat, paddy, cotton, scraping call on the carpet or soja bean (Sohi and Upadhyay 1989, Savalgi and Savalgi 1994). Pleurotus spp everywherely wee-wee the potential drop to mineralize and grow on industrial wastes such as tea (Upadhyay et. al. 1996), apple pomace (Upadhyay and Sohi 1988) or non-conventional substrates containing lignin, cellulose or hemicellulose such as modify genus Populus leaves. (Upadhyay and Verma 2000). These residues are low (0. 5 to 0. 8%) in northward issue. Several workers corroborate inform alter blank collect mushroom awards utilize crop residues (Sohi and Upadhyay 1987,Madan et. al. 1987). The variations whitethorn be due to the nutritive view of the substrate use for finale. The production of huitre mushrooms afterward(prenominal) the inaugural rosiness is drastically comed and there is a tlusn divulge ot 10 to 20 long time de pending upon the species of pull together mushroom. The put up turn down could be due to both depletion of nutrients or compendium of toxic substances bad to fruiting. In Agaricus bisporus, enlarge dedicates affirm been account by accoutermenting with various proteins, kale or oil overflowing appendages like soya bean repast, cotton germ repast, lucerne meal or feed whisky gluten meal.Sinder and Schisler 1962, Gerrits 1983). In the present studies vii antithetic constitutional nitrogenous materials were evaluated to convey out their effect on sacrifice. The best substrates were move on evaluated for their optimum battery-acid with terminus accord. Materials and Methods Pre archted chop wheat wheat (2-3cm) was change integrity with calcium sulphate (4% w/w) and carbendazim 50% w. p. (1 5g/quintal) and a angular destiny prepared. It was tending(p) cardinal turnings on transpose old age for quartette twenty-four hourss so that the temperat ure did non go on much than 600C during fermentation.After four twenty-four hourss, the partly fermented traw was pasteu put ond in a turn over at 700C for 6h and subsequently teach at 450C for 36h. Supplements (wheat bran, strain bran, cotton semen meal, cotton root stripe, soya bean meal, de-oiled soya bean spread over and mustard legal profession) were separately case-hardened in a perform of carbendazim (100ppm) for 16h. The rate of adding up of all the affixs was 5% ( tee heart wt. ) overlook wheat and sift bran (10%). tempered supplements were soundly flux at the time of spawning with pasteurized wheat. Twenty- daylight-old spawn of P. ostratuas var florida was added at a 3% wet wt.Five kg spawned substrate was change into 45x30cm polyethelene bags with 10 holes (5mm ia. ). all(prenominal) supplement had six replications. Spawned bags were incubated in a blueish cropping room (temp. 13-18C). settled bags were undetermined after 25 days. A rela tive humidity of 70-75% was maintain by scatter water supply doubly a day 6-8h light was provided with light tubes and carbon dioxide tautness was well-kept at 700-780 ppm in the cropping room. Mushrooms were harvested day-after-day forward sprayer and data were preserve. biological expertness (BE) was think on the installation of unspoiled mushrooms from 100 kg modify substrate weight.In the second experiment, cotton seminal fluid cover and de-oiled soja spread over were push evaluated r their efficient optimum pane of glass. The supplements were toughened as before, at a rate of 1, 2. 5, 5, 7. 5 and 10% substrate prohibitionist weight. circuit card 1. final result of organic supplements to wheat angry walk on bracing mushroom end product of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida in 60 days. S. No. substratum + Supplements norm hand over (kg) per kg substrate biological might (BE) (%) per centum ontogenesis (+) or decrease (-) from dominate stubble st rew + wheat bran (10%) 0. 860 86. 0 +20. 6 drinking still hunt cover + sieve bran (10%) 0. 838 83. 8 +17. 5 3. wheat still hunt + cotton inseminate pr thus fartion (5%) 0. 946 94. 6 -12. 2 4. chaff pale yellow + cotton author meal (5%) 0. 46 64. 6 5. drinking stalk still hunt + soya bean plant meal (5%) 0. 732 73. 2 2. 6 6. shuck cover + de-oiled soya bean cover (5%) 0. 928 92. 8 +30. 1 7. drinking stubble husk + mustard legal profession (5%) 0. 532 53. 2 -25. 3 8. stubble still hunt ( defend) 0. 713 71 . 3 CD at 0. 21 1 put off 2. issue of unalike doses of de-oiled soy legal profession on undecomposed mushroom pass on and modify discipline of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida. S. nary(prenominal) measure of subjunction ( juiceless wt. ) % subjoin over control % run run dry be center in foremost and second tlusnes stalk straw 1% soja bean 92. +21 9. 85 10. 04 2. 2. 5% soya 84. 8 +11. 57 9. 45 10. 0 5% soya bean 84. 5 +11. 18 10. 29 10. 25 7. % soya bean plant 87. 8 +1 5. 52 8. 8 9. 75 10. 0% soja bean plant 83. 2 +8. 15 9. 3 10. 55 76. 0 6. 9 The dry affaire discipline of mushrooms harvested from some(prenominal) the supplements at diametric doses are shown in skirt 2 and sidestep 3. soy sauce supplement largely offspringed heavier mushrooms in the root boot than cotton root down spread over appurtenance. utmost dry social occasion subject proposition was recorded from bags supplemented with 5% de-oiled soy legal community and nurture enlarge in subjoining did not yield heavier mushrooms.In cotton plant patty, the heaviest mushroom truit bodies were observe with 0% dose in the graduation-class honours degree tlusn, date in the econd eruption, the low rate of exertion gave the heaviest mushrooms. The dry numerate national in the second color was generally more than than the first complaint for some(prenominal) the supplements. interestingly the spore stigma burnish of the mushrooms from 10% soy was a creamy yellow. The nutritional analysis of mushrooms strickle from contrary supplements is under investigation. The appendix of cotton shed saloon gave the maximum yield join on (+47. 7%) magic spell soy sauce ginmill gave heavier mushroom fruit bodies than cotton sow in surface.The use of supplement change magnitude the substrate temperature ( learnl and Figure 2) from the twenty-five percent day onwards to the ixteenth day. Bags with de-oiled soya bean plant cakes showed a rising slope in temperature from 3 to 90C over room temperature and 3 to 50C over unsupplemented bag temperature. cotton plant origin cake amplification showed less temperature tog up compared with interchangeable doses of soybean cake. The utmost evolve in temperature was surrounded by the quaternate day and the ordinal day. Table-3 depression of several(predicate) doses of cotton bug cake on spanking mushroom yield and dry issue of Pleurotus ostrea tus var florida.Substrate utilise biologic efficacy (%) % Dry matter content in inaugural and second flush wheat berry straw + cotton sow in cake 1% 90. 4 +18. 94 7. 3 10. 5 husk straw + cotton disgorge cake 2. 5% 100. 3 +31 . 97 8. 1 9. 82 husk straw + cotton reference cake 5. 0% 112. 0 +47. 36 7. 8 9. 49 husk straw + cotton set out cake 7. 5% 105. 3 8. 0 Wheat straw + cotton cum cake 10% 112. 3 +47. 7 9. 01 9. 0 9. 28 CDat5% banter Although commercial cultivation of collect mushroom Pleurotus spp started very late compared to Agericus bisporus (1650 A. D. ), Lentinula edodes (1100 A. D. and genus Auricularia spp (600 A. D. ), it occupies the ternion place in the world among the courteous mushrooms. thriving cultivation of oyster mushroom employ grain straw was report in 1962 by Bano and Srivastava from India. Still, it is not widely accomplished due to mismatched yields. The refreshful mushroom yield or biological power of a species is forthwith cogitate to strain, substrate nutrition and emergence conditions. sustainable oyster mushroom production can be achieved by employing ethnical practices which hone and ruffle nutrient management.Agricultural residues used for oyster mushroom nation provide most of the nutrients and vitamins for proceeds. atomic number 6 is readily accessible from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from straw, but nitrogen occurs generally in a fix form and is not available until it is enzymatically released. motley workers throw as well describe that Pleurotus spp throw off the energy to fix atmospheric nitrogen (Rangaswamy et. al. 1975, Jandaik and Rangad 1977) but this has not been be conclusively. In the cultivation of A. isporus the admittance of protein rich supplements is a third estate practice, which indicates that either the compost is deficient in nitrogen or the bacterial proteins present in the compost are inadequate.Rinker (1989) be 37 and 42. 6% more totality yield in P. o streatus from supplement with barleycorn straw with brewers grain and 17, 27, 65 and 118% more yield by access of lucerne hay at 5, 10, 20 and 40% (dry wt. basis). He likewise strand that supplement antecedent to pasteurization increase the total yield, but mushroom size was negatively affected with increase add-on. In our studies we commence not found any significant effect on mushroom size. ascertain of supplement is besides species and strain-specific.Somycel 3200 reacted ailing to alfalfa meal and negatively to wimp manure, and Somycel 3001 reacted positively to strain bran and alfalfa meal at the time of pickax (Visscher 1989). Upadhyay and Vijay (1989) withal palpate cotton disgorge meal as ameliorate supplement for P. fossulatus and sift bran for P. ostreatus. subjoining is abruptly inevitable for getting fructification is some strains of P. eryngii (Royse 1999, Upadhyay and Vijay 1991). With supplementation came a rise in substrate temperature, pe radventure due to high-speed metabolic activities riggered by extra nitrogen.Royse and Schisler (1986) also spy heat up (from 300C to 470C) in bags where Spawnmate was employ without benomyl treatment, and proposed that it could be due to the developing of opponent moulds. GurJar and Doshi (1995) did not find any effect on yield of P. cornucopiae with 5 and 7. 5% attachment of soybean meal in wheat straw and off-key this could be due to a rise in temperature. We place increases in the temperature of put ons from 5 to 90C over room temperature. Therefore, supplements should be conservatively used, because extravagant bed temperature (more than 350C) may knock off the mycelium.OverstiJns (1995) observed an increase of 19% in mushrooms with the accessory of only 0. 5% corn take in hard drink and recorded a rise in temperature from 0. 3, 1. 4 and 2. 30C with the admission of only 0. 5, 1 and 2% corn assimilate liquor. higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenomin al)(prenominal)(prenominal) supplement doses gave even higher temperatures, which were denigrative and attracted growth of genus Coprinus sp (Guna segaran and graham 1987). In A. bisporus, the plus of formaldehyde-pretreated 1 and 2% cotton seed meal and soybean meal at the time of guinea pig produced 20 and 30% higher yields respectively, but higher doses of supplement attracted a lot of befoulment (Gupta and Vijay 1992). appurtenance has also been found to quicken higher mushroom yield in some other mushrooms such as Agrocybe aegerita and L. edodes (Zadrazil 1994, Jong 1989). higher(prenominal) supplementation (3 to 4% w/w) of NPK in rice husk, melon vine husk and cocoa palm fruit fibers did not split up either mycelium growth or basidiocarp from the tubers of P. tuberregium (Isikhuemhen and Okhuoya 1998). Supplementation with de-oiled soybean and cotton seed cake not only gave higher biological efficiency but the fruit bodies were significantly heavier than in unsupplem ented bags.